Glossary Scientific language is often used in public conversations in ways that sound precise, but aren’t. This glossary explains commonly used terms as they’re used in science—and how they’re often used elsewhere. A B C E G I M N O P R S T A Allele Animal Model B Backed by Science Biomarker Body of Evidence BOLD Signal C Clinical Outcome Clinical Practice Guidelines Clinical Trial Clinically Proven Comorbidity Confidence Interval Consensus Panel Control Group Correlation vs. Causation D Dopamine E Effect Size Epigenetics Etiology Evidence F Functional MRI G Gene-Environment Interaction Generalizability Genome-Wide Association Study I In Vitro Study M Mesolimbic Pathway Meta-Analysis N Null Hypothesis O Observational Study Ortholog Overall Survival P P-Value Placebo Polygenic Trait Preclinical Study Progression-Free Survival Proof Publication Bias R Randomized Controlled Trial Replication Reproducibility Reward System Risk-Benefit Assessment S Scientific Consensus Selection Bias Statistical Power Statistical Significance Study Population vs. Target Population Subgroup Analysis Surrogate Endpoint Systematic Review T Translational Research Tumor Response Rate ↑ Back to Top
